Metabolic regulation by cellular geography: The fact that β-oxidation of fatty acids occurs in mitochondria whereas fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosolic matrix illustrates which regulatory mechanism?

Introduction / Context:
Metabolic pathways are often segregated into different cellular locations to prevent futile cycles and to enable independent regulation. Lipid metabolism perfectly demonstrates this concept: fatty acid breakdown and synthesis occur in different compartments with distinct enzyme sets and cofactor requirements.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• β-oxidation (catabolism) takes place in mitochondria (or peroxisomes for very-long chains).
• Fatty acid synthesis (anabolism) occurs in the cytosol (on the fatty acid synthase complex).
• Goal: identify the regulatory principle illustrated.

Concept / Approach:
Compartmentation separates opposing pathways, reducing futile cycling and allowing distinct allosteric, hormonal, and cofactor controls. For example, mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ ratios regulate β-oxidation, while cytosolic NADPH supplies reducing power for synthesis. Transport steps (e.g., carnitine shuttle) add further control points.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the different physical locations of the two pathways. Recognize spatial separation as a regulatory mechanism. Map this to the concept of compartmentation. Choose “Compartmentation.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Biochemistry texts emphasize compartmental separation of synthesis (cytosol) and degradation (mitochondria) as a key regulatory theme in lipid metabolism.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Induction/repression refer to gene expression levels; competitive inhibition is kinetic competition at a site; covalent modification (e.g., phosphorylation) is another mechanism but does not explain spatial separation.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming a single regulatory mode explains all control; in reality, cells layer compartmentation with allosteric and hormonal regulation.

Final Answer:
Compartmentation (compartmentalization).