Difficulty: Easy
Correct Answer: If only conclusion II follows
Explanation:
Introduction / Context:
The statement encodes two universal claims: (a) everyone has at least some virtue, and (b) no one is entirely devoid of evil. We must test which conclusion represents the logical synthesis of these two universals.
Given Data / Assumptions:
Concept / Approach:
Conclusion II is a direct restatement: each person has both good and evil traits. Conclusion I is a mutually exclusive framing (“either…or…”) contradicting the conjunction in the premises. Therefore only II follows.
Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Combine the quantifiers: ∀P, virtue(P) and evil(P) are present.2) Evaluate I: “either” excludes simultaneity, which conflicts with the conjunction → I does not follow.3) Evaluate II: explicitly matches the conjunction → II follows.
Verification / Alternative check:
If even a single person lacked either virtue or evil, the given universals would be false. Since the statement rules that out, II must hold for everyone.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
“Both/Either” include the contradictory either/or claim; “Neither” ignores the explicit conjunctive logic.
Common Pitfalls:
Misreading two universal positives as a disjunction instead of a conjunction.
Final Answer:
If only conclusion II follows.
Discussion & Comments