Urban runoff estimation: The empirical rational formula Q = 0.0278 K P A (with units consistent to yield discharge in m^3/s) was proposed by which drainage engineer?

Introduction / Context:
The rational method relates peak runoff to rainfall intensity, catchment area, and a runoff coefficient. Different empirical forms and unit conversions appear in literature; exam questions often probe authorship and form awareness to avoid confusion across textbooks.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Formula stated: Q = 0.0278 K P A.
• Q in m^3/s when P is in mm/h and A in hectares (via 0.0278 factor), K is runoff coefficient.
• Identify proponent of this particular presentation.

Concept / Approach:
Historically, Lloyd-Davies popularized a rational-type relation for urban drainage in the U.K., and the 0.0278 factor is a common SI unit converter (from mm·ha/h to m^3/s). Recognizing this pairing helps attribute authorship correctly.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Note empirical form with 0.0278.Recall that Lloyd-Davies is typically associated with this variant.Select Lloyd Davis as the correct answer.

Verification / Alternative check:
Numerous civil engineering references present the Lloyd-Davies form with 0.0278 for SI, confirming authorship.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Kinchling and Frubling are distractors not tied to this exact empirical presentation.All of the above: incorrect since a single author is credited.Mulvany: credited with the original rational method, but not with this specific 0.0278 K P A expression.

Common Pitfalls:

• Mixing Mulvany’s original method with later unit-specific forms.
• Forgetting the role of unit conversion constant 0.0278 in SI formulations.

Final Answer:
Lloyd Davis