In entity–relationship (ER) modeling, is “maximum cardinality” defined as the maximum number of entity instances that can participate in one occurrence of a given relationship?

Introduction / Context:
Maximum cardinality is a foundational ER-modeling concept used to express how many entity instances may participate in a single relationship occurrence. Understanding it helps determine table structures, foreign keys, and constraints when transforming an ER model into a relational schema.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We are discussing classic ER modeling (Chen or Crow’s Foot style).
• “Relationship instance” means one specific occurrence of the relationship at a point in time.
• Entities are well-defined with identifiers; relationships connect instances from participating entity types.

Concept / Approach:
Cardinality describes participation counts. Maximum cardinality specifies the upper bound of how many instances on one side can be associated with a single instance on the other side in a relationship. Typical values are 1 or N (many). In Crow’s Foot, a short mark near an entity denotes “one,” and the three-pronged “crow’s foot” denotes “many.”

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the entities (e.g., Customer and Order). State the relationship (Customer places Order). Assess business rules: a Customer can place many Orders; each Order belongs to one Customer. Thus, maximum cardinalities are Customer: N on Orders; Order: 1 on Customer. This matches the definition that maximum cardinality = maximum number of instances allowed to participate on a side of a relationship instance.

Verification / Alternative check:
If business rules change (e.g., an order could belong to multiple customers), maximum cardinality would change accordingly (from 1 to N), confirming the concept is the defined upper bound, not a notation artifact.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
“Incorrect” contradicts standard ER definitions. “Depends only on diagram notation” confuses visual syntax with the semantic rule. “Not applicable” is false because cardinality is central in ER models.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing maximum with minimum cardinality (optionality), or assuming “many” always applies on both sides by default without analyzing business rules.

Final Answer:
Correct