In a series–parallel circuit, components (or groups of components) that share the same current—meaning the very same charges pass sequentially through them—are said to be in what relationship?

Introduction / Context:
Recognizing whether elements are in series or in parallel is fundamental to predicting how voltages and currents distribute in a circuit. The defining signature of a series connection is a single, unbroken path for current shared by the elements in that series chain.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Mixed series–parallel networks may include branches and junctions.
• Two elements are said to have a common current if the same current flows through them consecutively.
• Ideal conductors and steady-state conditions are assumed.

Concept / Approach:
Elements in series share the same current because the charge that exits one must immediately enter the next—there is no node where the current can split or combine. In contrast, elements in parallel share the same voltage because both are connected across the same pair of nodes, but their currents can differ based on their resistances.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify whether there is a junction between the two elements where current can divide. If not, they are in series.Apply KCL: with no branching node, I_in to the first element equals I_out from the second element, so the current is common to both.Apply KVL for voltage distribution if needed; series elements divide the applied voltage based on their impedances.Conclude that components with common currents are in series with each other.

Verification / Alternative check:
Measure with an ammeter placed in series before and after two suspected elements. Equal readings confirm a series relationship. Parallel elements would show equal node voltages but not necessarily equal currents.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Parallel: defines common voltage, not common current.

Either/none/isolation: these are vague or incorrect; the precise relationship for common current is series.

Common Pitfalls:
Misidentifying nodes where conductors split or rejoin, which breaks the series condition. Always trace the exact path of current between nodes.

Final Answer:
series with each other