Applications of inverters Which of the following are common real-world applications of inverters?

Introduction / Context:
Inverters convert DC to AC with controlled magnitude and frequency. This function is central to modern power conversion systems across utility, industrial, and consumer sectors.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Consider standard voltage-source or current-source inverter implementations.
• Look at typical system-level applications.

Concept / Approach:
HVDC terminals use line-commutated or voltage-source converters that operate as inverters at one end; UPS produce AC from batteries; variable-speed drives use inverters to synthesize adjustable-frequency outputs for induction or PMSM motors.

Step-by-Step Solution:
HVDC: DC bulk transmission with AC-grid interfacing requires inverter operation at the receiving end.UPS: Battery DC is inverted to AC for critical loads during outages.Drives: Inverters supply variable frequency/voltage to control motor speed and torque.

Verification / Alternative check:
Industrial catalogs list inverter-based VFDs, UPS, and HVDC converters as standard products.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each of A, B, and C is correct individually; hence the combined answer is “all of the above”.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing rectifiers (AC to DC) with inverters (DC to AC); many systems contain both stages.

Final Answer:
all of the above