Primary (Per-Unit-Length) Constants of a Transmission Line Which set correctly lists the four primary constants that define a uniform transmission line?

Introduction / Context:
Uniform transmission lines are characterized by parameters per unit length that determine wave propagation, attenuation, and impedance. These constants appear in the telegrapher’s equations and govern behavior across frequency.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Uniform, linear transmission line model.
• Low-loss and high-loss cases are both encompassed by the same set of constants.
• We are looking for a complete set of primary constants.

Concept / Approach:

The four primary constants are: R (series resistance per unit length), L (series inductance per unit length), G (shunt conductance per unit length), and C (shunt capacitance per unit length). Together they determine the propagation constant γ and characteristic impedance Z0 through standard relations.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

γ = sqrt((R + jωL) * (G + jωC)) and Z0 = sqrt((R + jωL) / (G + jωC)) both require all four quantities to be generally valid.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Pairs or triplets (A, B, C) omit necessary terms; Z0 (E) is derived from the primary constants and is not itself a primary constant.

Common Pitfalls:

Assuming “low-loss” means G = 0; while often small, it is part of the general model.

Final Answer:

R, L, G and C