Which circuit element exhibits electrical “inertia,” i.e., opposition to changes in current rather than to the current itself?

Introduction / Context:
Different passive elements oppose different types of change in electrical circuits. Recognizing which component resists changes in current is essential for understanding transients, filters, and power electronics.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Ideal lumped elements: resistor (R), inductor (L), capacitor (C).
• Small-signal linear operation; no core saturation or dielectric breakdown.

Concept / Approach:
Inductance stores energy in a magnetic field, with voltage–current relation v = L * di/dt. Thus, the inductor’s voltage is proportional to the rate of change of current, directly embodying electrical “inertia” against current change. By contrast, resistance dissipates energy proportionally to current (v = iR) and opposes the current itself (not its change), while capacitance stores energy in an electric field and opposes changes in voltage (i = C * dv/dt).

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