During which fundamental process is an exact new copy of a DNA molecule synthesized?

Introduction / Context:
Central dogma steps—replication, transcription, and translation—have distinct information flows. Only one process duplicates the genetic material itself to pass to daughter cells: replication.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The question asks about producing a precise, complementary copy of a DNA molecule.
• Other listed processes relate to RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, or DNA exchange.

Concept / Approach:
Replication is semi-conservative: each daughter duplex contains one parental and one newly synthesized strand. DNA polymerases copy templates in the 5′→3′ direction using primers. Transcription produces RNA, translation produces polypeptides, transformation and recombination alter DNA content but do not copy the entire DNA molecule as a dedicated process.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Define “exact new copy” as duplication of the DNA duplex.Identify the enzymatic process that accomplishes this: DNA replication.Exclude transcription (DNA→RNA), translation (RNA→protein), and transformation/recombination (DNA movement/reshuffling).

Verification / Alternative check:
Meselson–Stahl experiments demonstrated semi-conservative replication using isotope labeling of DNA strands, directly confirming the mechanism.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Transformation: introduces external DNA but does not copy the entire genome.
• Transcription: creates RNA, not DNA.
• Translation: uses mRNA to build proteins.
• Recombination: rearranges DNA segments, not wholesale duplication.

Common Pitfalls:
Equating “trans” words (transcription/translation/transformation) with duplication; only replication duplicates DNA.

Final Answer:
Replication (DNA-directed DNA synthesis)