Layering in Ethernet: Does an Ethernet switch operate at the Data Link layer (Layer 2) rather than at a higher “protocol” (Layer 3) routing layer?

Introduction:
Understanding OSI layering clarifies device roles. Ethernet switches forward frames based on MAC addresses and maintain a forwarding (CAM) table—characteristics of Layer 2. Routers, by contrast, operate at Layer 3 using IP addresses to make routing decisions. The question reframes a common misconception about “protocol layers.”

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Device under discussion: Ethernet switch.
• Goal: identify its primary OSI layer of operation.
• Ignore Layer 3 switch/router hybrids, which add routing functions.

Concept / Approach:
A classic Ethernet switch performs MAC learning and filtering/forwarding of frames within a broadcast domain. It does not inspect or rely on IP headers to make basic forwarding decisions. VLAN features and full-duplex operation do not change the fundamental Layer 2 role; they extend segmentation and collision-avoidance within the same layer.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Identify addressing used: MAC addresses → Layer 2.2) Recognize functions: learning, flooding, and forwarding frames.3) Distinguish from routers that examine Layer 3 headers.4) Conclude the statement that switches work at Layer 2 is correct.

Verification / Alternative check:
Switch show commands display MAC tables, not IP routing tables (unless L3 features are explicitly enabled on multilayer devices).

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Layer 3 claim: Confuses routers or multilayer switches with basic switches.
• “Only when VLANs are disabled” / “Only on half-duplex”: VLANs and duplex modes do not change the OSI layer.
• Wi-Fi only: Irrelevant; wired Ethernet switching is Layer 2 as well.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming “Layer 3 switch” means all switches are Layer 3; multilayer devices add routing but still switch at Layer 2 for intra-VLAN traffic.

Final Answer:
Correct — an Ethernet switch is a Layer 2 device using MAC addresses