3. In a rare gas, the molecules of some atoms have an excess positive or negative charge. The electric field tends to shift positive ions relative to negative ions. This is known as ionic polarization.
5. A liquid has N permanent dipoles ?p per unit volume and has been subjected to dc field for a long time such that orientation polarization is P0. At t = 0, the field is suddenly removed, then polarization
If the number of plates is n, the number of capacitors is (n - 1).
10. A material has N spins per m3. If Np are the dipoles per m3 parallel to field and Na are the dipoles per m3 anti-parallel to field, the magnetisation is