Information Systems – Logical chain from planning to decision An information system typically proceeds through which sequence of operations?

Introduction / Context:
Designing and operating information systems—whether for remote sensing, environmental monitoring, or business analytics—requires a structured workflow. The correct order ensures efficient data acquisition and reliable outcomes.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Four canonical stages: planning, data collection, data analysis, and decision making.
• Linear, top-down perspective for fundamental understanding.

Concept / Approach:
First plan what to observe and how (requirements, sensors, timing). Next, collect the data according to plan. Then analyze the data to derive information and insights. Finally, use the results to make decisions or take actions.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Planning: define objectives, metrics, sampling design, resources.Collection: execute acquisitions, ensure quality control.Analysis: preprocess, model, interpret, validate.Decision making: apply insights to policy/operations.

Verification / Alternative check:
Project management and systems engineering lifecycles similarly front-load planning, then execute, evaluate, and decide, reinforcing the sequence.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• (a), (d), (e): mis-order critical steps (e.g., deciding before analysis, or planning after collection).
• (c): starts with analysis without prior planning or data.

Common Pitfalls:
Skipping the planning stage leads to unsuitable data; making decisions before analysis risks poor outcomes.

Final Answer:
Planning → Collection → Analysis → Decision making