For sedimentation tanks operating with coagulant aid, what is the typical design range of overflow rate (surface loading rate) used in practice?

Introduction / Context:
Overflow rate (surface loading) is a key sizing parameter for sedimentation tanks. With coagulant addition, higher effective settling rates are achievable compared to plain sedimentation, but typical ranges must still be respected to ensure good removal.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Coagulant-assisted sedimentation.
• Conventional rectangular or circular clarifiers.
• Steady-state design with average temperature conditions.

Concept / Approach:
The overflow rate equals design flow divided by plan surface area and represents the critical settling velocity. Common design references list about 25,000–35,000 litres/m²/day for sedimentation with coagulant. Choosing values much higher risks carryover of floc; much lower increases cost and footprint.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Define overflow rate = Q / A_surface.2) Consult standard ranges for coagulant-aided sedimentation.3) Select 25,000–35,000 L/m²/day as typical practice.

Verification / Alternative check:
Field performance and jar tests generally correlate with this range for municipal water/sewage clarification; higher rates are reserved for specialized high-rate units with tube/plate settlers.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• 40,000–100,000: Too high for conventional clarifiers; risk of poor capture.
• 10,000–15,000: Overly conservative, unnecessarily large basins.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing plain sedimentation (lower rates) with enhanced settling using inclined plates/tubes which can tolerate higher rates.

Final Answer:
25,000 to 35,000 litres/m²/day