What will be the output of the program?

#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{
    int y=128;
    const int x=y;
    printf("%d\n", x);
    return 0;
}

Step 1: int get(); This is the function prototype for the funtion get(), it tells the compiler returns an integer value and accept no parameters.

Step 2: const int x = get(); The constant variable x is declared as an integer data type and initialized with the value "20".

The function get() returns the value "20".

Step 3: printf("%d", x); It prints the value of the variable x.

Hence the output of the program is "20".

Step 1: const int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; The constant variable arr is declared as an integer array and initialized to

arr[0] = 1, arr[1] = 2, arr[2] = 3, arr[3] = 4, arr[4] = 5

Step 2: printf("Before modification arr[3] = %d", arr[3]); It prints the value of arr[3] (ie. 4).

Step 3: fun(&arr[3]); The memory location of the arr[3] is passed to fun() and arr[3] value is modified to 10.

A const variable can be indirectly modified by a pointer.

Step 4: printf("After modification arr[3] = %d", arr[3]); It prints the value of arr[3] (ie. 10).

Hence the output of the program is

Before modification arr[3] = 4

After modification arr[3] = 10

r+ Open an existing file for update (reading and writing).

The file source.txt is opened in read mode and target.txt is opened in write mode. The file source.txt contains "To err is human".

Inside the while loop,

ch=getc(fs); The first character('T') of the source.txt is stored in variable ch and it's checked for EOF.

if(ch==EOF) If EOF(End of file) is true, the loop breaks and program execution stops.

If not EOF encountered, fseek(fs, 4L, SEEK_CUR); the file pointer advances 4 character from the current position. Hence the file pointer is in 5th character of file source.txt.

fputc(ch, ft); It writes the character 'T' stored in variable ch to target.txt.

The while loop runs three times and it write the character 1st and 5th and 11th characters ("Trh") in the target.txt file.

This program will show an error "Cannot modify a const object".

Step 1: const int i=0; The constant variable 'i' is declared as an integer and initialized with value of '0'(zero).

Step 2: printf("%d\n", i++); Here the variable 'i' is increemented by 1(one). This will create an error "Cannot modify a const object".

Because, we cannot modify a const variable.

Step 1: const char *s = ""; The constant variable s is declared as an pointer to an array of characters type and initialized with an empty string.

Step 2: char str[] = "Hello"; The variable str is declared as an array of charactrers type and initialized with a string "Hello".

Step 3: s = str; The value of the variable str is assigned to the variable s. Therefore str contains the text "Hello".

Step 4: while(*s){ printf("%c", *s++); } Here the while loop got executed untill the value of the variable s is available and it prints the each character of the variable s.

Hence the output of the program is "Hello".

The output will be (in 16-bit platform DOS):

K 75 0.000000

Step 1: const int x=5; The constant variable x is declared as an integer data type and initialized with value '5'.

Step 2: const int *ptrx; The constant variable ptrx is declared as an integer pointer.

Step 3: ptrx = &x; The address of the constant variable x is assigned to integer pointer variable ptrx.

Step 4: *ptrx = 10; Here we are indirectly trying to change the value of the constant vaiable x. This will result in an error.

To change the value of const variable x we have to use *(int *)&x = 10;