J.M Keynes? theory of employment is a demand-deficient theory. This means that Keynes visualised employment from the demand side of the model. His theory is a demand-oriented approach, as opposed to the classical supply side model.
According to him,the volume of employment in a country depends on the level of effective demand of people for goods and services. Thus, unemployment is attributed to the deficiency of effective demand.
The standard deduction of Rs. 40,000 is seek to provide relief to salaried tax payers in the Budget proposals in place of the present exemption allowed for transport allowance and reimbursement of miscellaneous medical expenses.
Opportunity cost is the cost of other alternative choices for making your interested choice of work. Oppurtunity cost is also called as alternative cost.
For example on a holiday, you have two choices to do, either you can go to movie or a function. And if you chose to go to moavie, the oppurtunity cost of going to movie is the value that would have gotten if you had gone to function.
The law of increasing opportunity costs states that as you increase production of one good, the opportunity cost to produce an additional good will increase.
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