Harmful effects of detonation in spark-ignition engines — identify the best description Which option best summarizes why detonation (severe knock) is harmful to SI engines under load?

Introduction / Context:
Detonation in spark-ignition engines is an abnormal combustion phenomenon where unburned end-gas auto-ignites and releases energy extremely rapidly. The resulting pressure waves can damage components and degrade efficiency. Understanding its effects underscores the importance of correct octane rating, ignition timing, and charge conditions.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Conventional petrol (gasoline) SI engine.
• Moderate to high load where end-gas temperatures are elevated.
• No special knock-control strategies assumed for the base explanation.

Concept / Approach:
Detonation increases the rate of heat transfer to chamber walls because violent pressure oscillations and high local temperatures intensify convective and conductive losses. It also disrupts the protective thermal boundary layer, raising metal temperatures. Finally, the shock-like pressure waves excite torsional vibrations and cause audible knock, leading to rough operation and potential fatigue failures.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Abnormal auto-ignition in end-gas → rapid, near-explosive heat release.Pressure oscillations at several kHz → higher instantaneous wall heat flux → lower indicated and brake efficiency.Turbulence and pressure waves strip boundary layers → elevated component temperatures and potential damage (piston crown, valves, head gasket).Crankshaft and bearings experience vibration from uneven torque impulses → rough running and durability risks.

Verification / Alternative check:
Dynamometer tests show reduced brake torque at the same fueling when detonation forces spark retard; thermal imaging and teardown inspections corroborate increased component distress under sustained knock.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Options (a), (b), and (c) each describe real, documented harms. Selecting only one understates the overall damage. Therefore, the comprehensive choice is correct.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing mild, controlled combustion noise with detonation; only the latter has the damaging high-frequency pressure oscillations.

Final Answer:
All of the above