Does a database itself have built-in capability to create, process, and administer itself, or is that capability provided by the Database Management System (DBMS)?

Introduction / Context:
A “database” is a collection of data organized for access. The software that creates, processes, secures, and administers that data is the Database Management System (DBMS). The statement incorrectly attributes DBMS capabilities to the data collection itself.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Database = data + metadata (schemas).
• DBMS = software engine that manages databases.
• Administration includes backup, recovery, security, performance, and user management.

Concept / Approach:
Separate the data artifact from the management software. DBMS exposes DDL/DML, optimizers, buffer managers, log managers, and security. The database files do not “self-administer”; they are acted upon by the DBMS.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify task categories: create (DDL), process (queries/transactions), administer (security, backup). Map these to DBMS features and utilities, not to the database object itself. Conclude the statement is inaccurate.

Verification / Alternative check:
DBMS documentation (commands, tools, services) shows where these capabilities live. Databases cannot perform tasks without a DBMS process.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Marking “Correct” confuses roles. Qualifiers like in-memory/cloud/file-based do not change the DBMS vs. database distinction.

Common Pitfalls:
Using “database” as a catch-all term for both data and the DBMS software; conflating artifacts with the engine that operates on them.

Final Answer:
Incorrect