Question 1

.NET deployment: which type of assemblies are stored in the Global Assembly Cache (GAC)?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In the Microsoft .NET ecosystem, the Global Assembly Cache (GAC) is a machine-wide code cache for assemblies intended to be shared by multiple applications. Understanding what belongs in the GAC helps architects decide versioning, side-by-side execution, and deployment strategies for common libraries across the system. Given Data / Assumptions: The GAC is located at a system path and requires strong-named assemblies. Private assemblies live alongside an application and are not shared globally. Terminology like “friend” or “protected” assemblies is not standard in .NET deployment. Concept / Approach: Assemblies placed in the GAC are shared assemblies—they are intended for reuse across multiple applications on the same machine. They are typically strong-named (signed) to support versioning and identity. Private assemblies are deployed in an application’s bin folder and are isolated per app. The other labels in the options do not correspond to recognized GAC categories. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify the purpose of the GAC: hosting shared, strong-named assemblies. Map options: only “Shared Assemblies” aligns with that purpose. Eliminate distractors: “Private,” “Friend,” “Public,” “Protected” are not GAC categories. Choose “Shared Assemblies.” Verification / Alternative check: Use gacutil or PowerShell to list GAC contents; you will see strong-named libraries referenced by multiple apps, confirming they are shared components. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Private Assemblies: app-local deployment; not placed in the GAC. Friend/Public/Protected Assemblies: not standard .NET deployment classifications. Common Pitfalls: Putting app-specific assemblies in the GAC unnecessarily, complicating updates. Forgetting that GAC requires strong names, leading to deployment errors. Final Answer: Shared Assemblies

Question 2

.NET Framework fundamentals: which description best characterizes what the .NET Framework provides for developers and execution?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The .NET Framework (classic, on Windows) provides a managed execution environment and rich libraries spanning desktop, web, and service workloads. Understanding its scope prevents overly narrow mental models and helps in choosing the right .NET technology for a given application type (WinForms/WPF, ASP.NET, ASMX/WCF-era services, etc.). Given Data / Assumptions: .NET ships a Common Language Runtime (CLR) and Framework Class Library (FCL). Historically, it supported desktop (WinForms/WPF), web (ASP.NET), and web services (ASMX/WCF). Options vary in breadth; we must pick the most complete, accurate description. Concept / Approach: The best single-sentence characterization is that .NET is an environment for developing, building, deploying, and executing desktop applications, web applications, and web services. The narrower statements (only web, only services, only Windows apps) omit supported workloads and are therefore incomplete. While many distributed applications can be built on .NET, “distributed applications” alone is again too narrow relative to .NET’s full scope. Step-by-Step Solution: Compare coverage across application types for each option. Select the option listing desktop + web + services as it matches the framework’s breadth. Eliminate options that restrict .NET to a subset of supported workloads. Confirm that the chosen description aligns with standard documentation. Verification / Alternative check: Survey the namespaces and SDK tooling: System.Windows (desktop), System.Web (web), and service stacks (ASMX/WCF) demonstrate official support, validating the comprehensive option. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Only Web Applications / Only Web Services: exclude desktop breadth. Distributed Applications: too narrow; .NET supports non-distributed apps too. Windows applications only: omits web and services within the same framework. Common Pitfalls: Confusing .NET Framework (Windows-only) with .NET (Core/5+) cross-platform—this question refers to the classic environment’s scope. Final Answer: It is an environment for developing, building, deploying and executing Desktop Applications, Web Applications and Web Services.

Question 3

Managed Code in .NET: which statement most accurately defines it?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: “Managed code” is a core term in the .NET world. It distinguishes code that executes under the control of the Common Language Runtime (CLR) from “unmanaged” native code that runs directly on the OS without CLR services. Knowing the accurate definition prevents confusion about platforms, JIT compilation, and memory management details. Given Data / Assumptions: The CLR provides services such as type safety, security, metadata, exception handling, and garbage collection. JIT compilation and GC are common in managed execution but are not the defining properties by themselves. Managed vs. unmanaged is not tied to a specific OS like Windows or Linux. Concept / Approach: The most precise definition is: managed code is code written to target the CLR's managed execution environment and its services. While such code is typically JIT-compiled and garbage-collected, those are consequences of being managed, not independent definitions. Managed status says nothing about a particular operating system; with modern .NET, managed code can run cross-platform. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify the essential criterion: code that targets CLR services and metadata. Differentiate incidental traits (JIT, GC) from the core definition. Eliminate OS-specific statements; management is runtime-bound, not OS-bound. Select the CLR-centric definition (option D). Verification / Alternative check: Inspect IL and metadata in a managed assembly (e.g., with ILDasm). It clearly targets the CLR; the runtime provides JIT and GC, confirming managed execution. Native C/C++ binaries lack CLR metadata and thus are unmanaged. Why Other Options Are Wrong: JIT-compiled / Garbage Collected: traits of managed execution but not definitional. Runs on top of Windows / Linux: platform statements; managedness is about CLR, not OS. Common Pitfalls: Assuming all JITed code is managed—JIT is a mechanism, not a definition. Equating garbage collection with being managed—many managed scenarios involve GC, but GC alone does not imply CLR-managed. Final Answer: Managed code is the code that is written to target the services of the CLR.

Question 4

.NET Framework components: which items are parts of the .NET Framework itself?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Understanding what comprises the .NET Framework clarifies responsibilities between the runtime, libraries, and applications that merely use the framework. This prevents misconceptions such as thinking IIS-hosted applications or published web services are themselves part of the framework rather than consumers of it. Given Data / Assumptions: The numbered list in the prompt is: 1) The Common Language Runtime (CLR) 2) The Framework Class Libraries (FCL) 3) Microsoft Published Web Services 4) Applications deployed on IIS 5) Mobile Applications Concept / Approach: The .NET Framework itself consists fundamentally of the CLR plus the FCL (and related tooling). Items 3, 4, and 5 are applications or workloads that can be built or hosted using the framework, not components of the framework. Published web services, IIS-hosted apps, and mobile apps are examples of software built on top of .NET (or simply hosted by a web server), not intrinsic parts of the framework distribution. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify core runtime: CLR → part of the framework. Identify base libraries: FCL → part of the framework. Classify remaining items as consumer applications, not framework building blocks. Therefore choose “Only 1, 2”. Verification / Alternative check: Check official documentation: the framework installation provides the CLR and the Base Class Library plus additional libraries; web services and IIS apps are created/deployed by developers and are not themselves “parts” of the framework. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Including 3/4/5 conflates apps and hosting with core framework components. “All of the above” is incorrect because many listed items are not framework components. Common Pitfalls: Assuming IIS is inside .NET Framework; IIS is a Windows web server that can host .NET apps. Confusing workloads (mobile, web) with the platform components enabling them. Final Answer: Only 1, 2

Question 5

In Microsoft .NET, which component actually reclaims memory for objects that no longer have live references on the managed heap?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The managed runtime in .NET automatically frees memory for objects that are no longer needed. This automatic memory management is a core productivity and safety feature that reduces bugs like dangling pointers and double frees. The question asks you to identify the specific component responsible for reclaiming memory on the managed heap. Given Data / Assumptions: The environment is Microsoft .NET with a managed heap. Several runtime terms exist: CLR (Common Language Runtime), CTS (Common Type System), class loader, and the garbage collector. We want the component that actively frees memory of unreachable objects. Concept / Approach: Within the CLR, the Garbage Collector (GC) is the subsystem that tracks object reachability, compacts memory (when applicable), and reclaims space used by objects that are no longer referenced by any live roots (such as stack variables, static fields, or CPU registers). Other components like the CTS and class loader provide type rules and load types, but do not reclaim memory. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify the memory-reclamation task → this is the GC’s role inside the CLR.Distinguish from CLR umbrella → CLR is the host environment; GC is the specific part that frees memory.Confirm that class loaders only load types/assemblies and CTS defines types; neither frees memory.Therefore, the correct choice is “Garbage Collector”. Verification / Alternative check: Runtime documentation outlines GC responsibilities: marking unreachable objects, sweeping and compacting generations, and returning memory for reuse by new allocations. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Common Language Infrastructure / CLR: umbrella concepts; not the specific reclamation engine.Class Loader: loads metadata and code; no reclamation.CTS: type system rules, not memory management. Common Pitfalls: Assuming “CLR” and “GC” are interchangeable; GC is a subsystem of the CLR with a focused purpose: automated heap management. Final Answer: Garbage Collector

Question 6

Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation in .NET: which combination of statements correctly describes what JIT does and how JIT-compiled code executes?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: .NET uses a two-stage compilation model. Source code is compiled into Intermediate Language (IL), then Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation turns IL into native machine code when methods are first executed. Understanding what is compiled when, and where that code runs, is a common exam topic. Given Data / Assumptions: The statements are: 1) JIT compiler compiles instructions into machine code at run time. 2) The code compiled by the JIT compiler runs under CLR. 3) The instructions compiled by JIT compilers are written in native code. 4) The instructions compiled by JIT compilers are written in Intermediate Language (IL) code. 5) The method is JIT compiled even if it is not called. Concept / Approach: JIT compilation occurs at runtime on demand. When a method is first invoked, the JIT converts its IL into native machine code suitable for the current processor/OS. That native code executes under the supervision of the CLR (which provides services like security checks and GC coordination). JIT does not produce IL—that already exists from the earlier compile step—and methods are not JIT-compiled unless they are invoked (or unless a specific ahead-of-time or pre-jitting mechanism is used). Step-by-Step Solution: Evaluate 1 → True: JIT happens at runtime.Evaluate 2 → True: JITted native code executes in the CLR-managed environment.Evaluate 3 → True: Output is native machine code.Evaluate 4 → False: JIT consumes IL; it does not produce IL.Evaluate 5 → False: Standard JIT compiles on first use, not for unused methods. Verification / Alternative check: Inspect a profiler or JIT event logs: methods are compiled upon first call; unused methods remain unjitted. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Options containing 4 or 5 include incorrect claims about IL output or compiling unused methods. Common Pitfalls: Confusing JIT with IL generation by the language compiler, or assuming eager compilation of all methods. Final Answer: 1, 2, 3

Question 7

Common Language Runtime (CLR): which set of responsibilities correctly reflects what CLR provides to managed applications?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the execution engine for .NET applications. It hosts managed code, enforces type and code access safety, and provides essential services that simplify development. Given Data / Assumptions: The listed responsibilities are: 1) Core services: memory management, thread management, remoting. 2) Strict type safety enforcement. 3) Code Access Security (CAS) support. 4) Garbage Collection services. Concept / Approach: All of these are within the CLR’s purview. The GC is part of the CLR; type safety is enforced via metadata and verification; threading and memory management are orchestrated by the runtime; and CAS (in classic .NET Framework) controls permissions for partially trusted code. Step-by-Step Solution: Map each item to CLR responsibilities → each item is a match.Therefore, the inclusive answer “All of the above” is correct. Verification / Alternative check: Platform documentation enumerates these services under the CLR architecture sections (execution engine, GC, verification, security, threading). Why Other Options Are Wrong: Any subset omits genuine CLR features, making the option incomplete. Common Pitfalls: Equating “CLR” with just the GC; in reality, CLR covers execution, metadata, security, exception handling, and more. Final Answer: All of the above

Question 8

Benefits of running managed code under the CLR: which combination is true for code safety and resource management?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Managed execution under the CLR provides stronger guarantees than raw native execution. Type safety, memory isolation, and automatic garbage collection make applications more robust and secure by default. Given Data / Assumptions: The listed benefits are: 1) Type safety of the code is assured. 2) Prevents applications from accessing memory they are not authorized to access. 3) Launches a separate process for every application. 4) Resources are garbage collected. Concept / Approach: Items 1 and 2 reflect verification and managed isolation guarantees, reducing buffer overrun and illegal memory access risks. Item 4 reflects automatic memory management via the GC. Item 3 is incorrect because process creation is an operating system concern; the CLR can host multiple managed applications and application domains without implying a one-process-per-app mandate. Step-by-Step Solution: Confirm 1 → true: verification and JIT constraints enforce type-safety rules.Confirm 2 → true: managed code cannot directly index arbitrary memory.Confirm 3 → false: CLR does not enforce one-process-per-app.Confirm 4 → true: GC reclaims unreachable objects. Verification / Alternative check: Review CLR execution model: application domains, verification, and GC are well-documented features; process boundaries are not dictated by CLR. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Any set including item 3 incorrectly attributes OS-level behavior to the CLR. Common Pitfalls: Confusing application domains with processes; AppDomains are logical isolation units inside a process (in classic .NET Framework). Final Answer: Only 1, 2 and 4

Question 9

Which statement about the .NET Framework is correct with respect to interoperability and distributed application support?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: .NET was designed to improve upon legacy COM/DCOM by providing a managed execution environment with modern services. However, it can interoperate with and leverage services from the Windows platform, including COM+ for transactions and distributed components. Given Data / Assumptions: Language interoperability in .NET is achieved by the Common Type System and metadata, not DCOM. Transitions between managed and unmanaged code occur via Platform Invocation Services (P/Invoke) and COM interop, not DCOM specifically. COM+ services (Enterprise Services) can be used by .NET applications to build distributed, transactional systems. Concept / Approach: The accurate statement reflects that .NET can consume COM+ (Enterprise Services) for distributed transactions, object pooling, and role-based security. DCOM is not the mechanism for language interoperability or for transitions between managed and unmanaged code in .NET. Step-by-Step Solution: Eliminate DCOM claims for interoperability and transitions → incorrect for .NET.Confirm COM+ services usage by .NET Enterprise Services → correct.Select the option mentioning COM+ as the valid statement. Verification / Alternative check: Microsoft documentation describes System.EnterpriseServices and the use of COM+ catalogs/services by managed applications. Why Other Options Are Wrong: DCOM options misattribute .NET features; .NET uses metadata/IL/CLR, and P/Invoke/COM interop for unmanaged calls. Common Pitfalls: Conflating COM, DCOM, and COM+; they are related Windows component technologies but distinct from .NET’s managed execution model. Final Answer: .NET Framework uses COM+ services while creating Distributed Applications.

Question 10

.NET Framework design goals: which statements are NOT true about the platform's objectives and programming model?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The .NET Framework established clear goals: consistency across languages, safer execution, and simplified deployment. This question asks you to spot claims that do not align with those goals or with the platform's actual scope. Given Data / Assumptions: The statements are: 1) Consistent object-oriented environment whether code runs locally, Internet-distributed, or remotely. 2) Code-execution environment that minimizes deployment and versioning conflicts. 3) Code-execution environment that promotes safe execution, even for partially trusted third-party code (classic Framework). 4) It provides different programming models for Windows-based and Web-based applications. 5) It provides an event-driven programming model for building Windows device drivers. Concept / Approach: Items 1–3 reflect real .NET goals: consistency, simplified deployment (side-by-side versioning), and safety (verification, CAS in classic Framework). Item 4 is misleading: .NET emphasizes a unified programming platform; although UI stacks differ (WinForms/WPF vs ASP.NET), the overarching model and type system are consistent, not “different” in the sense implied. Item 5 is false: the .NET Framework is not a kernel-mode driver development platform; Windows drivers are written using the Windows Driver Kit and are not typically built with the managed Framework. Step-by-Step Solution: Confirm 1–3 → align with official goals.Evaluate 4 → marked NOT true in spirit; .NET offers a unified framework with differing libraries, not fundamentally separate models.Evaluate 5 → clearly NOT true; device drivers are not targeted by .NET Framework.Therefore, the NOT true items are 4 and 5. Verification / Alternative check: Review .NET Framework design goals and supported application models; Microsoft documentation lists desktop, web, and services built on a consistent CLR and Base Class Library. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Any choice that flags 1–3 as false contradicts the platform's foundational objectives. Common Pitfalls: Equating “different libraries” with “different programming models.” The model is unified; libraries tailor experiences for UI vs web/server scenarios. Final Answer: 4, 5

Question 11

In the .NET type system, what is the root of the entire type hierarchy from which all types ultimately derive?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Common Type System (CTS) in .NET ensures language interoperability by defining a unified type hierarchy. At the top of this hierarchy is a single root type, enabling common services such as equality, hashing, and string representation. Given Data / Assumptions: Every type, including value types and reference types, participates in the CTS hierarchy. We seek the ultimate base type. Concept / Approach: All .NET types ultimately derive from System.Object. Even value types derive from System.ValueType, which itself inherits from System.Object. This common ancestry guarantees that every type has methods like ToString(), GetHashCode(), and Equals(). System.Type represents type metadata, not the root object type. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify the CTS root → System.Object.Differentiate System.Type → reflects metadata about types, not the universal base class.Eliminate fictitious names like System.Base/Parent/Root.Select System.Object as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Inspect any type in a .NET decompiler; the inheritance chain ends at System.Object (directly or indirectly). Why Other Options Are Wrong: System.Type describes types; it is not the ancestor of all instances.Other names are not part of the BCL. Common Pitfalls: Confusing the concept of “root type” with “type that represents metadata about types.” They are different roles. Final Answer: System.Object

Question 12

Garbage Collector responsibilities: which items are NOT performed by the GC in .NET?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The .NET Garbage Collector (GC) manages memory on the managed heap by reclaiming objects that are no longer reachable. However, some resource cleanup tasks lie outside its direct responsibilities and must be handled explicitly or via disposable patterns. Given Data / Assumptions: The items are: 1) Freeing memory on the stack. 2) Avoiding memory leaks. 3) Freeing memory occupied by unreferenced objects. 4) Closing unclosed database connections/collections. 5) Closing unclosed files. Concept / Approach: The stack is automatically managed by the runtime and CPU, not by the GC, so 1 is NOT a GC task. The GC does free memory for unreachable objects (3), helping to prevent many memory leaks, but it does not automatically dispose external resources like file handles or database connections (4 and 5). Those must be released via Dispose/using patterns or by safe handles/finalizers. Step-by-Step Solution: Evaluate 1 → Not GC: the stack is managed outside the GC.Evaluate 2 → Partially true benefit: GC reduces leaks by reclaiming unreachable objects, but the prompt asks what is NOT performed; 2 is not selected as NOT performed.Evaluate 3 → GC performs this; do not mark as NOT.Evaluate 4 → Not GC: requires Dispose or finalizers/handles.Evaluate 5 → Not GC: external resource release is programmer-controlled. Verification / Alternative check: Best practices recommend IDisposable and using statements for deterministic cleanup of unmanaged resources; GC finalization is non-deterministic. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Any option that tags freeing unreachable objects as NOT performed misrepresents the GC’s core duty. Common Pitfalls: Relying on finalizers for database connections or files leads to resource exhaustion; always dispose deterministically. Final Answer: 1, 4, 5

Question 13

Security in .NET applications: which combination reflects built-in security models commonly associated with the .NET Framework?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: .NET provides several security mechanisms. Historically, the Framework supported Code Access Security (CAS) for partially trusted code and Role-Based Security (RBS) for authorization decisions. Authentication is commonly provided by higher-level frameworks (e.g., ASP.NET), not as a core CLR security model term. Given Data / Assumptions: The items are: 1) PIN Security (not a .NET feature) 2) Code Access Security 3) Role Based Security 4) Authentication Security 5) Biorhythm Security (nonsense option) Concept / Approach: The canonical .NET security models are CAS (in classic .NET Framework) and Role-Based security (often via principal/identity). “PIN Security” and “Biorhythm Security” are not part of .NET. While authentication is an application or framework service, the exam-classic pair highlighting core .NET security features is CAS and Role-Based Security. Step-by-Step Solution: Eliminate 1 and 5 as bogus.Recognize 2 (CAS) and 3 (RBS) as standard .NET security models.Note that 4 (Authentication Security) is not a named built-in CLR model; it is typically implemented at app/framework level.Select combination “2, 3”. Verification / Alternative check: Framework documentation discusses CAS (legacy) and principal-based authorization; authentication schemes live in ASP.NET/Identity, WCF, etc., rather than being a CLR model name. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Options including 1 or 5 include non-existent features.Including 4 shifts into application-level concerns rather than CLR security models. Common Pitfalls: Conflating platform security models (CAS/RBS) with app-specific authentication mechanisms. Final Answer: 2, 3

Question 14

Constituents of the .NET Framework: which pair lists core framework components rather than application types built on top of it?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The .NET Framework consists of a runtime and a comprehensive class library. Many application models (ASP.NET, Windows Forms, Windows Services) are built on top of these foundation pieces. Distinguishing core components from application types avoids conceptual confusion. Given Data / Assumptions: The list numbers are: 1) ASP.NET Applications 2) CLR (Common Language Runtime) 3) Framework Class Library (FCL/BCL) 4) WinForm Applications 5) Windows Services Concept / Approach: The CLR is the execution engine for managed code, and the Framework Class Library provides reusable types. These two together form the core of the .NET Framework. ASP.NET, Windows Forms, and Windows Services are application models or templates built using those core components; they are not themselves “constituents” in the foundational sense. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify runtime → 2) CLR.Identify base libraries → 3) FCL.Recognize 1, 4, 5 as application frameworks/models using the core, not the core itself.Select “2, 3”. Verification / Alternative check: Architecture diagrams depict the CLR at the base, FCL above it, with ASP.NET and WinForms as higher layers. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Options pairing 1/4/5 misclassify app models as core framework constituents. Common Pitfalls: Equating “part of the framework” with “apps built using the framework.” The core is runtime + libraries. Final Answer: 2, 3

Question 15

Which of the following are valid .NET CLR JIT performance counters? 1) Total memory used for JIT compilation 2) Average memory used for JIT compilation 3) Number of methods that failed to compile with the standard JIT 4) Percentage of processor time…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Just-In-Time (JIT) performance counters in the .NET CLR help developers measure JIT compilation activity. Knowing which counters actually exist prevents misinterpretation of performance data. Given Data / Assumptions: The question lists five candidate counters. We must identify real counters exposed by the .NET CLR JIT category. Concept / Approach: The CLR JIT category includes counters such as Standard JIT Failures (methods that failed to compile) and Time in JIT (%) (percentage of processor time spent in JIT). Memory-usage counters like “Total memory used by JIT” are not standard JIT counters. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Review known JIT counters: Time in JIT (%), IL Bytes JITted, Methods JITted, Standard JIT Failures.Step 2: Match the listed items to real counters.Step 3: Item 3 (“Number of methods that failed to compile with the standard JIT”) maps to “Standard JIT Failures”.Step 4: Item 4 (“Percentage of processor time spent performing JIT compilation”) maps to “Time in JIT (%)”.Step 5: Items 1, 2, and 5 describe memory quantities not provided by JIT counters. Verification / Alternative check: Cross-checking typical Performance Monitor categories for .NET CLR JIT confirms the presence of “Time in JIT (%)” and “Standard JIT Failures”. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 1, 5: Memory-specific counters are not part of the JIT category. 1, 2: Both are nonstandard memory counters. 4, 5: Includes a non-existent memory counter. None of these: Incorrect because 3 and 4 are valid. Common Pitfalls: Confusing JIT counters with GC or process memory counters. Final Answer: 3, 4

Question 16

Which of the following statements are TRUE about the .NET CLR? 1) It provides a language-neutral development and execution environment. 2) It ensures an application cannot access memory it is not authorized to access. 3) It provides services to run …

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the virtual machine component of .NET responsible for executing managed code, enforcing type safety, and handling runtime services. Given Data / Assumptions: Five statements about CLR capabilities are presented. We must determine which are true of managed execution. Concept / Approach: Key CLR features include language neutrality via the Common Type System (CTS) and Common Language Specification (CLS), memory safety via verification, managed execution services, and automatic garbage collection. Unmanaged applications do not “run on” the CLR, although interop is supported. Step-by-Step Solution: 1) Language-neutral environment — true (CTS/CLS allow cross-language interoperability).2) Memory safety/authorization — true for managed code through verification and runtime checks.3) Services for managed apps — true; CLR executes IL with JIT and provides services.4) Garbage collection — true; CLR includes GC for managed objects.5) Services for unmanaged apps — false; unmanaged code runs outside the CLR (interop exists but is not “managed”). Verification / Alternative check: Managed vs unmanaged boundaries in .NET documentation confirm 1–4 as standard CLR responsibilities. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Only 1 and 2: Misses 3 and 4, which are true. Only 1, 2 and 4: Omits 3, which is true. Only 4 and 5: Includes 5, which is false. Only 3 and 4: Omits 1 and 2, both true. Common Pitfalls: Assuming unmanaged code executes under the CLR rather than via interop. Final Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4

Question 17

In the .NET Framework, which component provides an extensible set of reusable classes accessible from any .NET-compliant language?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The .NET Framework includes a large, language-agnostic library developers can use across C#, VB.NET, F#, and other languages. Given Data / Assumptions: We are comparing framework components by responsibility. Only one option refers to the reusable class library. Concept / Approach: The Base Class Library (BCL) and Framework Class Library (FCL) provide collections, I/O, networking, threading, and more, exposed uniformly via the Common Type System. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify the component that contains reusable classes: the .NET class libraries (BCL/FCL).CLR executes code and provides services; it is not the class library.CLI describes the overall specification, not the concrete library implementation.COM is a separate, older component model and not the .NET library.CTS defines types and rules; it does not contain implementations. Verification / Alternative check: Any .NET language can reference the same assemblies that implement the class libraries. Why Other Options Are Wrong: CLR: runtime execution engine, not the library itself. CLI: specification, not an implementation library. COM: legacy technology outside .NET’s managed library. CTS: type system rules, not reusable classes. Common Pitfalls: Conflating the runtime (CLR) with the class libraries. Final Answer: .NET class libraries

Question 18

Which utility compiles managed assemblies to processor-specific native images ahead of time (AOT) to improve startup performance?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Some .NET tools optimize deployment and performance by preparing native images before runtime. Given Data / Assumptions: We need the tool that generates native images from managed assemblies. The goal is reduced JIT cost at startup. Concept / Approach: Native Image Generator (ngen.exe) produces machine-specific native images that the CLR can load instead of JIT-compiling IL at startup. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify each tool's purpose.gacutil: manages assemblies in the GAC.sn: strong-name utilities for key generation and signing.dumpbin: PE/COFF inspection tool (Visual Studio).ildasm: disassembles IL; not a compiler.Only ngen performs AOT native image generation. Verification / Alternative check: Documentation shows ngen.exe as the AOT compiler for .NET Framework. Why Other Options Are Wrong: gacutil: assembly storage, not compilation. sn: signing, not compilation. dumpbin: inspection, not compilation. ildasm: disassembly, not compilation. Common Pitfalls: Confusing IL disassembly with native image generation. Final Answer: ngen

Question 19

In .NET terminology, code that targets and executes under the Common Language Runtime (CLR) is known as:

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: .NET distinguishes between code that runs under the CLR with services like type safety and garbage collection and code that does not. Given Data / Assumptions: We need the standard term for CLR-targeting code. Concept / Approach: Managed code is compiled to IL, verified, and executed under CLR supervision. Unmanaged/native code executes directly on the OS without CLR services. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify CLR-supervised code term: “managed code”.Eliminate distractors that describe environment or legacy status rather than CLR execution. Verification / Alternative check: Official .NET terminology consistently uses “managed code”. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Unmanaged/native: outside CLR. Distributed/legacy: unrelated descriptors. Common Pitfalls: Equating “native” with “managed” — they are distinct. Final Answer: Managed code

Question 20

.NET Assembly — identify the correct statements: 1) It is the smallest deployable unit. 2) Each assembly has only one entry point (Main, WinMain, or DllMain). 3) An assembly can be a Shared assembly or a Private assembly. 4) An assembly can contain …

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Assemblies are the fundamental building blocks of .NET deployment and versioning. Understanding what they contain and how they are deployed is essential. Given Data / Assumptions: Five statements describe assembly characteristics. We must pick the correct set. Concept / Approach: An assembly is the smallest deployable unit and may be private (app-local) or shared (GAC). Libraries (DLLs) have no entry point. Assemblies contain code, metadata, and optional resources; they are not always EXE files. Step-by-Step Solution: Check 1: True — assemblies are the smallest deployable unit.Check 2: False — class libraries (DLL) do not require an entry point.Check 3: True — assembly scope can be Private or Shared (GAC).Check 4: False — assemblies also include metadata and resources, not just code/data.Check 5: False — assemblies can be EXE or DLL. Verification / Alternative check: Review of assembly structure (manifest, metadata, IL code, resources) supports 1 and 3 only. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 1, 2, 3: Includes 2 (false). 2, 4, 5: All three are false. Only 1: Omits 3 (true). Only 3: Omits 1 (true). Common Pitfalls: Assuming every assembly must be executable or must have an entry point. Final Answer: Only 1 and 3 are correct

.NET Framework Questions