Cross-flow tray hydraulics: the typical total length of straight rectangular weirs on a tray is about what fraction of the distillation column diameter?

Introduction / Context:
On cross-flow trays, outlet weirs retain a liquid head, generate froth, and set residence time. The total straight weir length relative to column diameter affects capacity and efficiency.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Sieve/valve/bubble-cap trays in cross-flow configuration.
• Conventional downcomers with segmental or straight weirs.
• Typical industrial practice ranges.

Concept / Approach:
For good capacity and controllable weir loading, designers often select total straight weir length of roughly 60–80% of the tower diameter. This balances froth depth, downcomer backup, and active area. Very long weirs reduce vapor area; very short weirs increase crest velocity and entrainment risk.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Relate weir length to hydraulic parameters (weir load, crest, tray active area).Select a practical range used in design handbooks: 0.6–0.8 D.Choose the option matching that range.

Verification / Alternative check:
Vendor guidelines for cross-flow trays commonly quote total weir length in this proportion, adjusted for specific vapor/liquid loads.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Equal to or twice D: typically excessive; sacrifices vapor area.Fixed 2 ft: ignores scale; unsuitable beyond small columns.

Common Pitfalls:
Ignoring foaming tendency; neglecting approach to flooding where backup across weir governs.

Final Answer:
0.6–0.8 times the column diameter