In systems theory, what does the term ‘‘integration’’ most precisely refer to within an information system?

Introduction / Context:
Systems are more than the sum of parts. In information systems, integration focuses on how modules, data flows, and controls connect to deliver end-to-end capability.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We consider software, data, people, and process components.
• Interactions include interfaces, contracts, and dependencies.
• The goal is a precise definition of integration.

Concept / Approach:
Integration means components work together coherently. This includes technical integration (APIs, schemas), process integration (workflows), and control integration (security and compliance across boundaries). Interdependence is central.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Integration testing validates that interfaces and cross-component behavior meet requirements.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Documentation aesthetics are unrelated.
• Physical wiring is a subset; integration is broader and includes logical and process layers.
• ‘‘Holism’’ without interaction details is too vague.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing tight coupling with integration quality; good integration favors well-defined, loosely coupled interfaces.

Final Answer:
How components interoperate and depend on each other to function as a unified whole