Soil transportation and deposition (geomorphology context): “Talus” refers to colluvial debris accumulated at the base of slopes. Which transporting agency is primarily responsible for talus deposits?

Introduction / Context:
Geotechnical engineers classify natural soils by the processes that transported and deposited them. These processes strongly influence grading, angularity, density, and engineering behavior. “Talus” is a common field term encountered in site investigations near rock outcrops and steep slopes.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Talus is an accumulation of rock fragments and coarse soil at the base of a slope or cliff.
• Deposits are typically very angular and poorly sorted.
• The environment is dominantly controlled by slope gravity rather than by continuous fluid flow.

Concept / Approach:
Talus forms when rock or debris detaches from a slope and moves downslope under gravity, often by rockfall, sliding, or short run-out rolling. There is no requirement for running water, glacial transport, or wind to carry the material long distances; the movement is dominantly gravitational, leading to colluvial deposits characterized by angular fragments and loose packing.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Geologic mapping symbols and site logs often label these as “colluvium (talus)”; boreholes reveal very coarse, angular, openwork materials consistent with gravity accumulation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Wind: creates aeolian dunes/loess; typically finer and well sorted.
• Water: forms alluvium, lacustrine, or marine deposits, usually better sorted and rounded.
• Glacier: produces tills and outwash with distinct matrix and striated clasts.
• Volcanic action: leads to tephra or pyroclastic deposits, not typical talus.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing talus (gravity) with scree modified by limited wash; while water may rework edges, the primary transport remains gravitational.

Final Answer:
Gravitational force (slope gravity)