English garden wall bond in brickwork: identify which detailed statements about course arrangement and closers are correct for this decorative yet structurally sound bond.

Introduction / Context:
English garden wall bond is a variant of English bond used in garden walls and light-duty walls. It aims to combine an attractive face with adequate structural interlock by interspersing courses of stretchers with occasional courses of headers.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Garden wall bond patterns vary (e.g., 1:3 or 1:5 header-to-stretcher ratio).
• Queen closers are commonly used next to quoin headers.
• Joints must be properly staggered to avoid continuous vertical joints.

Concept / Approach:
In a typical English garden wall bond, you place one heading course after every three or five stretcher courses. To preserve bond at corners and maintain vertical joint offsets, a queen closer is used next to each quoin header. Occasionally, a stretcher course may begin with a header unit to continue the staggering of joints across the wall’s thickness.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Confirm (a): ratios 1:3 or 1:5 are standard—correct.Confirm (b): queen closers at heading courses ensure proper bond near quoins—correct.Confirm (c): starting a middle stretcher course with a header prevents vertical alignment—correct.Thus, all statements are correct.

Verification / Alternative check:
Masonry handbooks illustrate garden wall patterns with periodic header courses and closers for bond integrity.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Any subset misses part of the standard practice; “All the above” best reflects the full specification.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing English garden wall bond with Flemish garden wall bond; omitting closers at quoins leading to joint misalignment.

Final Answer:
All the above