Urban water demand components:\r A city water supply design must account for which of the following demand categories and system losses?

Introduction / Context:
Comprehensive demand assessment is the foundation of urban water supply planning. Engineers must include end user categories and also system losses when sizing sources, treatment, storage, and distribution networks. This question checks awareness of all essential components.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• End users: residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, and public services.
• Special categories: fire flow provisions and peak hour factors.
• Losses: physical leakage, meter under registration, and unauthorized consumption.

Concept / Approach:
Design demand equals the sum of category demands times applicable peaking factors plus allowances for losses and non revenue water. Ignoring any major category can cause undersized facilities or inadequate pressures under peak conditions.

Step-by-Step Reasoning:
List all demand categories that routinely appear in design manuals.Confirm that each item in options a through d is part of standard practice.Conclude the inclusive choice captures the complete set.

Verification / Alternative check:
Utility master plans and AWWA style guidance require explicit fire flow allowances, non revenue water targets, and category forecasts based on land use or unit rates.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Any single category alone is insufficient. Planning needs the sum over all uses and losses.

Common Pitfalls:

• Designing only for average day residential demand without peak and fire flow.
• Ignoring leakage and apparent losses, leading to supply deficits.

Final Answer:
All of the above