In catalytic reforming of naphtha to improve gasoline octane and produce reformate/aromatics, what are the typical operating pressure and temperature ranges?

Introduction:
Catalytic reforming converts low-octane naphtha into high-octane reformate rich in aromatics and isoparaffins, also generating hydrogen. Operating severity (temperature and pressure) directly affects octane gain, aromatics formation, and catalyst life.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Process: Platforming/CCR or semi-regenerative reforming with Pt-based catalysts.
• Goal: representative operating windows, not extreme cases.
• Outputs: reformate octane and hydrogen co-production.

Concept / Approach:
Typical reforming conditions are high temperature (about 450–520+ °C) and moderate hydrogen pressure (roughly 15–45 kgf/cm2). Lower pressure favors octane/aromatics but increases coking; CCR technology manages coke by continuous regeneration.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Identify standard industrial ranges.2) Exclude unrealistically low T/P that would not drive dehydrogenation/cyclization.3) Select 15–45 kgf/cm2 and 450–550 °C as the representative range.

Verification / Alternative check:
Process licensor data and refinery texts consistently quote 450–520 °C with 10–35 bar (approx. 10–35 kgf/cm2) for conventional/semi-regenerative units; broader 15–45 kgf/cm2 captures typical practice.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
a/d/e: Temperatures are too low for efficient reforming chemistry.c: Pressures and temperatures are excessive and not characteristic of reforming.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing reforming with hydrocracking or thermal cracking; reforming is endothermic and requires high temperature but only moderate hydrogen pressure for stability and selectivity.

Final Answer:
15–45 kgf/cm2 and 450–550 °C