Camber provision methods in pavement cross-section design Which of the following methods are used in practice to provide camber (cross fall) in road pavements?

Introduction / Context:
Camber ensures rapid drainage from the pavement surface, reducing water-related damage and skid risk. Designers choose camber profiles based on surface type, construction method, and drainage needs.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• General highway design practice.
• Surface types include bituminous and cement concrete.

Concept / Approach:
Several profiles achieve effective cross fall. Straight-line (plane) camber is simple and often used for CC pavements. Parabolic camber provides gentler slope change at the crown, improving ride quality and is common for bituminous surfaces. Some agencies adopt a hybrid: parabolic crown transitioning to straight edges for ease of construction and drainage control.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Recognize multiple acceptable cross-section shapes exist.Match practical methods: straight-line, parabolic, and combinations.Therefore choose “All the above”.

Verification / Alternative check:
Typical IRC/agency guidance provides sketches and recommended slopes for each method depending on surface type.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Any single-method choice omits commonly used alternatives; “None” is obviously incorrect.

Common Pitfalls:
Using steep linear cambers on bituminous surfaces can create an uncomfortable crown; the parabolic option mitigates that.

Final Answer:
All the above