Biogas microbiology – stages of digestion: The breakdown of cattle manure to produce biogas involves which types of bacteria across the sequential stages of hydrolysis, acidogenesis/acetogenesis, and methanogenesis?

Introduction / Context:
Anaerobic digestion is a coordinated, multi-trophic process. Manure conversion to biogas requires a consortia of microbes performing complementary steps, culminating in methane production by methanogens.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Complex polymers must be hydrolyzed to monomers and then fermented.
• Intermediates (VFAs, H2, CO2) must be converted to acetate, H2, and CO2.
• Methanogens convert acetate or H2/CO2 to CH4.

Concept / Approach:
Hydrolytic bacteria secrete enzymes that break down cellulose, hemicellulose, proteins, and lipids. Acidogenic/acetogenic organisms ferment monomers to VFAs, alcohols, H2, and CO2, and then to acetate. Methanogenic archaea (not bacteria) finalize the process by producing methane. The entire chain is required for stable gas production.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify each stage and its microbial players. Confirm interdependence via syntrophic transfers (e.g., H2 removal). Recognize methanogenesis as the terminal step (aceticlastic or hydrogenotrophic). Select the inclusive option acknowledging all groups are involved.

Verification / Alternative check:
Process upsets often map to imbalance between acidogenesis and methanogenesis (VFA accumulation), proving the necessity of all functional guilds.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Single-group answers omit essential steps; “transitional” is not a defined functional guild; sulfate reducers compete rather than complete the methane step.

Common Pitfalls:
Calling methanogens “bacteria”; they are archaea. Also, assuming hydrolysis alone yields methane.

Final Answer:
All of these (hydrolytic/acidogenic/acetogenic plus methanogenic partners).