Bell–Coleman (air) refrigeration: For the same temperature range, does a dense (closed) air system achieve a higher coefficient of performance than an open air system?

Introduction / Context:
The Bell–Coleman or reversed Brayton (air) cycle can be implemented as an open system (ship and aircraft cooling) or as a dense/closed system. Understanding the performance difference helps in selecting configurations for refrigeration and air-conditioning applications where air is the working fluid.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Same evaporator and condenser (hot/cold) temperature limits for comparison.
• Similar component efficiencies.
• Closed (dense) system avoids mixing with ambient air.

Concept / Approach:
In a dense (closed) system, the working air circulates at elevated mean pressures, allowing better heat transfer in compact heat exchangers and reducing throttling/mixing losses associated with open cycles. The closed system also allows more effective recuperation and control of superheat/subcooling, generally improving COP = refrigeration effect / net work input.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Simplified Brayton cycle analysis on T–s or p–h coordinates shows lower specific work and improved heat-exchanger effectiveness in the closed arrangement.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Disagree: ignores controllability and reduced losses in closed systems.
• “Only at very high pressure ratios” or “only with intercooling and reheating” are too restrictive; benefits exist across typical ranges.
• “Indeterminate…”: while exact COP needs data, the qualitative comparison is well-established.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming identical COPs because the ideal Brayton diagrams look similar; practical losses differ significantly between open and closed arrangements.

Final Answer:
Agree