Human monoclonal antibody generation: Which approaches are currently used to obtain human monoclonal antibodies?

Introduction / Context:
Human monoclonal antibodies can be produced through several laboratory strategies that avoid the immunogenicity issues of mouse antibodies. This question surveys recognized approaches used historically and in many teaching resources for generating fully human monoclonals.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• EBV can transform human B cells to proliferate and secrete antibody.
• Human plasmacytoma lines can serve as fusion partners for hybridoma formation.
• Combining EBV transformation (to expand antigen-specific B cells) with fusion increases success.

Concept / Approach:
EBV-based transformation yields lymphoblastoid lines; fusion with plasmacytoma creates stable hybridomas. Blending methods captures advantages of both: selective expansion of the right B cells and long-term secretion stability. Although modern platforms include transgenic mice and phage display, the options listed reflect classic human cell-derived strategies taught in immunotechnology.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Protocols and reviews in immunotechnology literature document these methods as workable paths to human monoclonals.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming only one “best” method exists; in practice, labs adopt different pipelines depending on resources and goals.

Final Answer:
All of these.