Fuel systems — Why is fuel injection preferred over a carburettor? Identify the chief advantages of electronic/mechanical fuel injection compared to a carburettor on modern automotive engines.

Introduction / Context:
Fuel delivery strongly affects mixture control, combustion quality, and overall engine performance. Fuel injection has largely replaced carburettors in road vehicles because it meters fuel more precisely under varying conditions of load, altitude, and temperature.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Spark-ignition automotive engines.
• Closed-loop control with an oxygen sensor and ECU.
• Comparable engine hardware aside from the fuel system.

Concept / Approach:
Accurate fuel metering near stoichiometric at most operating points reduces fuel consumption and cuts emissions, especially CO and HC, while enabling catalytic converters to work effectively. Better atomization and mixture distribution also improve volumetric efficiency and knock tolerance, which can enhance power and drivability.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Precision metering → minimizes rich excursions → higher efficiency.Closed-loop lambda control → near-stoichiometric → lower CO/HC and controlled NOx with aftertreatment.Optimized spray targeting → better mixture homogeneity → stronger torque and transient response.

Verification / Alternative check:
Emission regulations (OBD-era) required precise mixture control impractical with carburettors; widespread adoption of EFI confirms advantages.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each of the listed single benefits (efficiency, emission, power) is true, so “all of these” is most complete.Lower manufacturing cost is generally not an advantage of injection systems due to sensors, pumps, and ECU.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming power always rises dramatically; gains depend on calibration and engine design.

Final Answer:
all of these