Defining Metabolism—Scope of Anabolism, Catabolism, and Energy Capture Which of the following processes would be accurately included within the broad term “metabolism” in living cells?

Introduction / Context:
Metabolism encompasses the entire network of chemical reactions in a cell, including energy acquisition, energy transformation, and the interconversion of small and large molecules. It comprises two interdependent branches: anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down), all coordinated by energy currencies such as ATP and reducing equivalents like NADPH.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Anabolism synthesizes macromolecules (e.g., nucleic acids).
• Catabolism degrades nutrients to release energy and building blocks.
• Energy capture (e.g., photosynthesis) feeds anabolic processes.

Concept / Approach:
The definition of metabolism is purposefully broad. It includes biosynthetic pathways (DNA replication precursors, amino acid synthesis), degradative pathways (glycolysis, TCA, beta-oxidation), and energy capture systems (photosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation). All listed items therefore fall under metabolism’s umbrella, making “All of the above” correct.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Textbook frameworks depict metabolic maps linking carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid, and nucleotide metabolism with ATP/NAD(P)H flows—corroborating the inclusive definition.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Any single process alone is incomplete as a definition of metabolism.
• “None of the above” contradicts standard biochemical usage.

Common Pitfalls:
Equating metabolism only with “breaking down food”; neglecting biosynthesis and energy capture processes.

Final Answer:
All of the above