Developing nematode-resistant plants—method selection Which approach(es) can be used within breeding and biotechnology pipelines to develop plant lines resistant to nematodes?

Introduction / Context:
Nematodes severely impact crop yields. Resistance can be introduced by several non-transgenic strategies: wide hybridization aided by embryo rescue, induced mutation breeding, and conventional selection including somaclonal variants from tissue culture.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Goal is resistance without necessarily using recombinant DNA.
• Multiple pipeline tools can contribute complementary advantages.
• Final selection is based on bioassays and agronomic performance.

Concept / Approach:
Embryo rescue salvages hybrids from wide crosses that might otherwise abort, transferring resistance from wild relatives. Mutation breeding creates new alleles that may confer resistance. Non-recombinant DNA methods include recurrent selection, marker-assisted backcrossing if markers are available, and exploiting somaclonal variation.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Greenhouse and field nematode inoculation tests validate resistance; molecular markers can track introgressed segments.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Each single approach may work, but the question asks which can be used—collectively “All of these” is most complete.

Common Pitfalls:
Failing to pyramid resistance sources; relying on a single mechanism can lead to breakdown under field pressure.

Final Answer:
All of these