In the context of programming languages, which language among the following has been traditionally used in artificial intelligence research for knowledge representation and logical inference?

Introduction / Context:
Artificial intelligence (AI) has historically leveraged languages that support symbolic reasoning, pattern matching, and rule-based inference. Selecting the language aligned with AI research helps understand classic AI systems and their implementation styles.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We are asked to identify a language used specifically for AI tasks.
• Options include general-purpose scientific/business languages and a logic programming language.
• Focus is on knowledge representation and logical inference.

Concept / Approach:
PROLOG (PROgramming in LOGic) is a declarative, logic programming language grounded in predicate calculus. It excels at expressing rules, facts, and relationships, enabling backtracking search and unification—capabilities central to many classic AI applications such as expert systems and natural-language prototypes.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify AI-oriented paradigms: logic programming fits well.Among options, PROLOG uniquely embodies logic programming for AI.Therefore choose PROLOG.

Verification / Alternative check:
Historic AI curricula pair LISP and PROLOG; both are canonical in AI. Given these options, PROLOG is the direct match.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• FORTRAN: Numerical/scientific computing; not primarily AI logic representation.
• C: Systems programming; powerful but not specialized for symbolic inference.
• COBOL: Business data processing; not AI-focused.
• None of the above: Incorrect because PROLOG is correct.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming any popular language is equally suited for AI logic. While modern AI uses many languages, the historical, conceptual match here is PROLOG.

Final Answer:
PROLOG