In computer networking, which service translates human-readable domain names (for example, www.example.com ) into numerical IP addresses?

Introduction / Context:
The Internet relies on a service that converts domain names into IP addresses so that clients can connect to servers without memorizing numeric values. This translation is fundamental for web browsing, email delivery, and most networked applications.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The goal is mapping names like www.google.com to IPv4/IPv6 addresses.
• We are comparing DNS to other unrelated services.

Concept / Approach:

The Domain Name System (DNS) provides hierarchical, distributed name resolution. A resolver queries recursive or authoritative servers, receives an IP address, and allows applications to establish network connections transparently to the user.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Use ping www.example.com and observe it resolves to IP. Check system resolvers in /etc/resolv.conf or with systemd-resolve --status.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• NFS: Network File System, unrelated to name resolution.
• SMB: Server Message Block, file/printer sharing protocol.
• NIS: Network Information Service, provides directory info but not DNS.
• None: incorrect because DNS is correct.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing DNS with DHCP (which provides IP configuration, not name resolution).
• Assuming browser autocomplete replaces DNS—it still relies on DNS queries.

Final Answer:

DNS.