What is the term for the organized collection of system software that manages hardware, runs programs, and controls the overall operation of a computer?

Introduction / Context:
The layer of software that abstracts hardware, manages resources, and provides services to applications is fundamental to computing. Identifying this layer correctly is essential for understanding program execution, device management, and user interaction.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The software provides process scheduling, memory management, I/O control, and file systems.
• It exposes system calls and utilities to applications and users.
• It operates in privileged mode for critical tasks.

Concept / Approach:
An operating system (OS) is the cohesive suite of programs that coordinates all computer activities, bridging applications and hardware. Terms like “working system” or “controlling system” are not standard in this context, and “peripheral system” refers to devices rather than the managing software.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Documentation for any major platform explicitly labels this software layer as the operating system, describing the above responsibilities.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Working system / Controlling system: Nonstandard labels.
• Peripheral system: Refers to external devices, not the managing software.
• None of the above: Incorrect because OS is correct.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing the OS with applications or firmware; BIOS/UEFI initializes hardware but does not provide full OS services.

Final Answer:
Operating system