Warehouse refresh: Determine the correctness of this statement.\n“Data in the data warehouse are loaded and refreshed from operational systems.”

Introduction / Context:
A data warehouse integrates data from multiple operational systems (OLTP and line-of-business applications) to support analytics. The loading and refreshing of warehouse data from those sources—batch, micro-batch, or streaming—is a core premise of DW/BI architecture. The statement asserts this common design.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Operational systems serve as systems of record for business events.
• Pipelines ingest, transform, and load data into warehouse layers.
• Refresh cadence may vary (daily, hourly, near real-time).

Concept / Approach:
The warehouse centralizes and standardizes cross-functional data to enable conformed metrics. Whether using ETL, ELT, CDC, or streaming, the flow originates from operational sources (plus external data). The warehouse is not the upstream producer; it is the curated consumer and integrator.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Architecture diagrams for Kimball/Inmon/lakehouse all depict sources feeding the warehouse via ingestion and transformation processes.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Restricting to batch or CDC is unnecessary—both are valid mechanisms among several.
• Streaming tools influence latency, not the correctness of the fundamental data flow.

Common Pitfalls:
Treating the warehouse as a write-back operational system; insufficient refresh governance leading to stale dashboards; missing conformance across sources.

Final Answer:
Correct