Steam distribution design: what is the typical velocity range for steam in plant piping under normal practice?

Introduction / Context:
Steam line sizing balances pressure drop, noise/erosion risk, water-hammer potential, and installed cost. Plant standards specify target velocities for mains and branches to maintain dryness and controllability.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Saturated or slightly superheated steam in carbon-steel piping.
• General utility distribution, not high-velocity injection steam services.
• Goal: “normal” practice values.

Concept / Approach:
Common guidance recommends about 25–35 m/s for long mains and 15–25 m/s for branches; conservative designs may choose lower ends to limit noise and entrainment. Among the options, 10–20 m/s best matches mainstream practice as a safe, typical range used in many plants.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Compare listed ranges with recommended practice.Eliminate very low values (0.1–5 m/s) which inflate pipe sizes and cost unnecessarily.Eliminate very high values (80–100 m/s) which risk erosion, pressure drop, and noise.Select 10–20 m/s as a realistic standard range for many steam systems.

Verification / Alternative check:
Vendor charts and steam handbooks present similar ranges, with adjustments based on pressure level and allowable pressure drop per 100 m.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
0.1–0.5 or 1–5 m/s: uneconomical pipe diameters and poor responsiveness.80–100 m/s: excessive drop and noise; not typical for distribution mains.

Common Pitfalls:
Ignoring condensate carryover at high velocities; neglecting slope and drip legs that interact with velocity choice.

Final Answer:
10–20 m/s