A/D conversion survey — the two most common analog-to-digital converter architectures emphasized in foundational electronics courses are the ______.

Introduction / Context:
There are many ADC architectures (SAR, flash, pipeline, sigma-delta, dual-slope, etc.). Introductory courses typically focus on two that illustrate contrasting trade-offs: speed versus complexity on one hand, and resolution versus conversion method on the other. Knowing their names and characteristics helps you choose parts for measurement and control.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Need two popular, widely taught ADC types.
• Context: general-purpose electronics and instrumentation.
• Comparison often made: flash (very fast) vs SAR (versatile, moderate speed, good resolution).

Concept / Approach:
A flash ADC uses a bank of comparators and a resistor ladder to decide the code in a single step; it is extremely fast but power-hungry and expensive at higher resolutions. A successive approximation register (SAR) ADC performs a binary search using a DAC and comparator, achieving good resolution with moderate conversion times and excellent energy efficiency—hence its popularity in mixed-signal microcontrollers and data-acquisition modules.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Market surveys and textbooks list SAR and flash as the most common building blocks in entry-level education, with sigma-delta and pipeline discussed as specialized alternatives.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• “Linear converter/analog converter”: non-standard phrasing; not specific ADC architectures.
• “Flash and analog”: incomplete; analog is not an ADC type.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing SAR with sigma-delta or assuming flash is obsolete; flash remains crucial for ultra-high-speed scopes and communications.

Final Answer:
Flash converter and the successive approximation converter.