Which statement best describes the waveform components of an ideal triangle wave in steady state?

Introduction:
A triangle wave is a fundamental non-sinusoidal waveform used in modulation, timing, and function generators. Recognizing its time-domain structure helps in understanding its frequency spectrum and how it is produced by integrator circuits.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Ideal triangle wave centered around zero with symmetric rise and fall times.
• Constant slope segments (linear ramps).
• No DC offset or asymmetry unless specified.

Concept / Approach:
An ideal triangle wave consists of a linear rise followed by a linear fall of equal magnitude but opposite slope, repeating every period. This symmetry leads to a spectrum with only odd harmonics whose amplitudes decrease with the square of harmonic number, but the time-domain hallmark is equal positive and negative ramps.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Consider a comparator–integrator oscillator: constant comparator output levels drive the integrator with constant current.Constant current through the timing capacitor causes voltage to change linearly: dv/dt = I/C (constant).When thresholds are crossed, polarity reverses and the slope changes sign but not magnitude.Thus, the output is equal-magnitude positive and negative ramps forming a symmetric triangle.

Verification / Alternative check:
On an oscilloscope, measuring rise time and fall time over the same vertical excursion shows equality for an ideal triangle, validating equal ramp magnitudes and durations.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Positive-only or negative-only ramps: Would imply a sawtooth or unipolar waveform.
• Unequal ramps: Produces an asymmetric triangle or sawtooth, not the ideal triangle.
• Sinusoid with harmonics only: Describes a Fourier series perspective but not the direct time-domain ramp description requested.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing triangle with sawtooth (which has unequal ramp durations or slopes).
• Ignoring DC offset or duty-cycle variations that break symmetry in real circuits.

Final Answer:
positive and negative ramps of equal value