Phases of transcription by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: how is the process classically divided? Choose the correct description.

Introduction / Context:
Transcription is commonly described in phases to simplify a complex, dynamic pathway. In bacteria, the canonical phases are initiation, elongation, and termination.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Initiation includes promoter binding, isomerization to open complex, and initial transcript synthesis.
• Elongation involves processive RNA synthesis and RNA polymerase pausing mechanisms.
• Termination ends RNA synthesis via intrinsic or rho-dependent pathways.

Concept / Approach:
The standard tripartite division effectively captures the major mechanistic transitions without inventing a separate 'propagation' phase. Sub-steps exist, but the top-level framework remains three phases.

Step-by-Step Solution:
List recognized phases: initiation → elongation → termination.Exclude nonstandard labels such as 'propagation.'Select the option describing three phases.

Verification / Alternative check:
Biochemistry texts, lecture notes, and primary literature adopt this three-phase terminology for bacterial transcription.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Adding 'propagation' is nonstandard. Two-phase and 'none of the above' options do not accurately describe established pedagogy.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing sub-steps within initiation (open complex formation) as separate phases.

Final Answer:
Three phases known as initiation, elongation, and termination.