Electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity — Minimum voltage that can damage PC ICs Approximately how small can an ESD jolt be and still be capable of destroying or degrading typical PC integrated circuits (ICs)?

Introduction / Context:
Electrostatic discharge is a sudden flow of electricity between charged objects and is a major cause of latent and catastrophic semiconductor failures. Understanding ESD thresholds guides proper use of wrist straps, mats, ionizers, and humidity control in service environments.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We are discussing modern silicon ICs found in PCs (CMOS, MOSFET-based devices).
• Human perception of a shock requires far higher voltages than the failure threshold of IC junctions.
• Proper ESD controls may or may not be present.

Concept / Approach:

Gate oxides in MOS devices and miniature geometries in modern ICs make them extremely susceptible to over-voltage spikes. While a human typically feels a discharge only above roughly 2–3 kV, device damage can occur at tens of volts—well below the perception threshold—leading to silent, latent failures.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Manufacturer ESD ratings (HBM/CDM) often require handling precautions despite on-chip protection. Industry training materials emphasize that damage can occur at volt levels far below human sensation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Values like 200 V, 500 V, and above are certainly hazardous, but they are not the minimum at which damage can occur. The question asks how little it can be; 30 V best reflects the low threshold risk in sensitive devices.

Common Pitfalls:

Assuming “no shock felt” means no damage, failing to ground yourself and the workbench, and handling boards in dry environments without ionization.

Final Answer:

30 volts.