Scope of SQL capabilities Which statement best describes what SQL can do across data definition and data manipulation tasks?

Introduction / Context:
SQL is a full declarative language for relational databases with multiple sublanguages. It is not limited to querying; it includes defining schemas, manipulating data, and controlling permissions. Understanding this breadth is essential for both developers and DBAs.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We consider ANSI-standard SQL capabilities.
• Vendors may add extensions, but core functions are common.
• Tasks include DDL, DML, and DCL/TCL.

Concept / Approach:

SQL includes: DDL (CREATE, ALTER, DROP) to manage structures; DML (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE) to read and change data; DCL (GRANT, REVOKE) for privileges; TCL (COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT) for transactions. Therefore, SQL can create structures, query data, and modify data.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

All major DBMS manuals document these categories explicitly under SQL reference sections.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Each of A, B, and C is too narrow; SQL is not restricted to just one category.
• E: Operating-system user administration is outside SQL's scope, though DB roles map to OS identities in some systems.

Common Pitfalls:

• Thinking SQL equals SELECT only; forgetting DDL/DCL/TCL.
• Relying solely on application logic for permissions rather than GRANT/REVOKE.

Final Answer:

All of the above can be done by SQL.