The second Green Revolution in India aims at increasing agricultural output primarily to promote which broader development objective?

Introduction / Context:
The term "second Green Revolution" refers to efforts to significantly increase agricultural production again, but with a stronger focus on sustainability and equity compared to the first Green Revolution. In India, this idea is linked not only to raising yields but also to ensuring that small and marginal farmers benefit and that rural poverty is reduced. This question asks you to identify the broader development objective that the second Green Revolution is intended to promote, beyond just raising output for its own sake.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The second Green Revolution focuses on increasing agricultural output.
• Options mention easy credit for big farmers, co operative farming, inclusive growth, and general rural development.
• We assume that policies associated with the second Green Revolution aim to correct some limitations of the first Green Revolution, such as regional imbalances and unequal benefits.
• We look for an option that reflects both growth and equity in the benefits.

Concept / Approach:
The first Green Revolution increased food grain production substantially but often benefited mainly larger farmers in certain regions. The concept of a second Green Revolution emphasises not only higher productivity but also wider participation and more equitable gains, especially for small and marginal farmers, women farmers, and disadvantaged regions. This idea fits within the broader development goal of inclusive growth, which aims to ensure that the benefits of economic expansion are shared across different segments of society. Although rural development and co operative farming can be part of the strategy, the overarching goal is inclusive growth.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Recognise that the second Green Revolution aims to boost agricultural output in a way that corrects past imbalances and includes small and marginal farmers.Step 2: Evaluate option A, which focuses on easy credit to big farmers; this contradicts the inclusive objective, because it tilts benefits towards larger farmers.Step 3: Examine option B, co operative farming, which is a possible method or organisational form, but not the overarching development objective.Step 4: Consider option C, inclusive growth, which explicitly refers to growth that benefits a wide cross section of the population and reduces inequality.Step 5: Look at option D, development of the rural sector, which is important but still narrower than the idea of inclusive growth across different social and economic groups.Step 6: Since the second Green Revolution is framed as part of a larger agenda to make growth more inclusive, option C best captures its primary objective.

Verification / Alternative check:
Policy documents and speeches about the second Green Revolution often stress that new technologies, better irrigation, improved seeds, and extension services must reach small and marginal farmers, rainfed regions, and disadvantaged communities. The language used frequently mentions inclusive and sustainable growth, rather than focusing only on average yields or credit facilities for large farmers. While rural development is certainly an important outcome, the phrase "inclusive growth" better reflects the intention to combine higher productivity with broader sharing of benefits. This supports choosing option C.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Option A, availability of easy credit to big farmers, goes against the inclusive spirit of the second Green Revolution by favouring larger farmers only. Option B, co operative farming, is more of a possible organisational strategy and not the primary objective; it may be used as one of several means to reach goals. Option D, development of the rural sector, is important but still does not fully capture the specific idea that growth should include the poor and marginalised; rural development could, in principle, be uneven. Inclusive growth, option C, explicitly points to growth that benefits all, including the rural poor and small farmers.

Common Pitfalls:
Students may focus only on the word "Green Revolution" and think only about output and technology, forgetting the policy lessons about inequality and regional imbalances from the first Green Revolution. Another pitfall is to choose very general terms such as rural development, which are correct in spirit but less precise than inclusive growth as a policy goal. To avoid such mistakes, always recall that the second Green Revolution is designed to be not just a repeat of the first, but a more inclusive and sustainable phase of agricultural development.

Final Answer:
The second Green Revolution primarily aims to promote Inclusive growth by ensuring that higher agricultural output benefits a broad range of farmers and rural communities.