Rittinger number (new surface area created per unit mechanical energy absorbed during crushing) depends primarily on which material and loading characteristics?

Introduction / Context:
Rittinger’s law correlates energy input with new surface area generated during comminution. The proportionality factor embodied in the Rittinger number reflects how readily a solid develops new fracture surfaces for a given mechanical energy.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Material properties (strength, elasticity) affect crack initiation/propagation.
• Loading mode (impact, compression, attrition) changes energy partitioning.

Concept / Approach:
Fracture mechanics indicates that both the energy to create new surfaces and the effectiveness of energy transfer depend on the material’s ultimate strength and elastic behavior as well as on how the force is applied. Hence, the Rittinger number is not a universal constant but varies with these factors.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Relate surface formation energy to fracture work.Acknowledge influence of strength and elasticity on crack growth.Recognize loading mode governs energy dissipation.Therefore, all listed factors matter.

Verification / Alternative check:
Empirical tests show different Rittinger constants for materials and for machines imposing different stress states.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each single-factor choice omits other equally influential determinants.

Common Pitfalls:
Treating Rittinger’s constant as material-independent; in practice it varies widely.

Final Answer:
All of the above