In the Rigvedic pantheon, the god Varuna is primarily regarded as the guardian of which aspect of the universe?

Introduction / Context:
The Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, contains hymns addressed to many deities, each associated with specific aspects of nature and the moral universe. Understanding the main functions and attributes of these gods is an important part of studying early Vedic religion and culture. Varuna is one of the prominent Rigvedic deities, and his role is often described in connection with a key concept known as Rita or cosmic order. This question asks you to recall that association and identify what Varuna is primarily seen as guarding.

Given Data / Assumptions:
- The deity in question is Varuna, a Rigvedic god. - The options describe different roles: harbinger of peace, destroyer of foes, guardian of the cosmic order and god of prosperity. - We assume familiarity with the basic functions of Rigvedic gods like Indra, Agni and Varuna.

Concept / Approach:
In the Rigveda, Varuna is closely associated with Rita, which means the cosmic order, moral law or the regular pattern by which the universe operates. He is depicted as an all seeing deity who oversees the order of the cosmos and the moral conduct of humans. Indra is typically the heroic destroyer of foes, associated with storms and victory in battle. Other deities like Lakshmi in later tradition are more directly linked with prosperity. Therefore, when we look at the options, the description that best fits Varuna in Rigvedic hymns is guardian of the cosmic order.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Recall that Varuna is often mentioned in the Rigveda in connection with the maintenance of Rita or cosmic order. Step 2: Remember that he is portrayed as a moral overseer who sees everything and binds those who violate the law. Step 3: Compare this with the role of Indra, who is more clearly described as a warrior and destroyer of enemies. Step 4: Note that the idea of god of prosperity is more associated with later deities like Lakshmi, not primarily with Varuna. Step 5: Understand that while Varuna can be invoked for peace, his main theological function in the Rigveda is to sustain the cosmic and moral order. Step 6: Select guardian of the cosmic order as the option that best captures this role.

Verification / Alternative check:
If you read translations or summaries of Rigvedic hymns, you will find that Varuna is repeatedly called the upholder of Rita and the one who has established the law of the universe. Commentaries often describe him as a god of the sky and moral order who punishes sinners and forgives the penitent. In contrast, they describe Indra as the thunder wielding warrior. This clear differentiation supports your choice that Varuna is primarily the guardian of the cosmic order, rather than any of the other roles listed.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Harbinger of peace is wrong because, while Varuna can grant peace, this phrase is too vague and does not capture his distinct theological association with Rita.

Destroyer of foes is wrong because this function is more typical of Indra, the warlike deity who conquers enemies and demons.

God of prosperity is wrong as prosperity in later Hindu tradition is mainly associated with deities like Lakshmi, and Varuna is not primarily invoked for wealth.

Common Pitfalls:
Students sometimes assume that all Vedic gods have similar functions and may choose a general sounding phrase like harbinger of peace or god of prosperity. Another pitfall is confusing Varuna with Indra or later deities due to overlapping roles in popular belief. To avoid confusion, it is helpful to fix one core association for each: Varuna with Rita or cosmic order, Indra with heroic warfare and Agni with sacrificial fire. This simple mental map will help you answer many questions on Vedic religion accurately.

Final Answer:
In the Rigveda, Varuna is primarily regarded as the guardian of the cosmic order.