In basic computer memory terminology, RAM (Random Access Memory) is described as ________ and ________ storage.

Introduction / Context:
RAM, or Random Access Memory, is a critical component that affects the speed and responsiveness of a computer. However, its role is different from that of long term storage devices such as hard disks or solid-state drives. Understanding whether RAM is volatile or nonvolatile and whether it is temporary or permanent storage helps explain why unsaved work can be lost during a power failure. This question asks you to choose the correct pair of descriptions for RAM.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• RAM holds data and programs while the computer is running.
• We are classifying it as volatile or nonvolatile.
• We are also classifying it as temporary or permanent storage.
• Options combine these adjectives in different ways.

Concept / Approach:
Volatile memory loses its contents when power is removed. RAM is a classic example: it retains data only while the computer is powered on. As soon as the system shuts down unexpectedly, anything not saved to disk is lost. Because of this behaviour, RAM is considered temporary working storage used during processing, not a place for permanent data. Nonvolatile memories like flash storage and hard disks keep their data without power and are therefore used for permanent storage. Therefore, the correct classification is that RAM is volatile and temporary storage.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Computer hardware documentation and basic IT textbooks all describe RAM as primary memory that is volatile and used for temporary storage of currently running programs and data. System behaviour confirms this: after a reboot, RAM starts empty and must be refilled by loading the operating system and applications from permanent storage. Guides on preventing data loss emphasise saving work to disk precisely because RAM is temporary. None of these authoritative sources describe RAM as permanent or nonvolatile, so the only accurate combination is volatile and temporary.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Nonvolatile and permanent: Describes devices such as ROM, flash memory or hard disks, not RAM.
• Nonvolatile and temporary: Contradictory, because nonvolatile memory by definition retains data when power is off.
• Volatile and permanent: Also contradictory, since anything volatile cannot serve as permanent storage.
• Portable and external: Applies more to USB flash drives or external hard disks, not to internal RAM modules.

Common Pitfalls:
People often use the words memory and storage interchangeably in everyday speech, which can cause confusion on exams. A useful mental model is to think of RAM as a desk where you temporarily spread out papers while working, and permanent storage as a filing cabinet where you keep documents long term. When the office closes (power off), the desk is cleared (RAM empties), but the cabinet (disk) still holds your files. Remembering that RAM is a working area that forgets everything without power will help you correctly identify it as volatile and temporary storage.

Final Answer:
RAM is best described as volatile and temporary storage used while the computer is running.