Historians divide the ancient history of Egypt into three periods. the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom. The Old Kingdom is called the Age of the Pyramids.

The Stoic School taught that man should accept his fate, since he cannot change it. According to Stoics, serenity of mind is the goal all men should strive to attain.Epicureans believed that the highest good for man is pleasure ,but they aimed at tranquility of mind rather than indulgence in pleasures.

In 454 B.C, laws were codified in Rome. The laws were written on tablets of wood and were known as 'Laws of Twelve Tables'.

In 37 BC, Octavian became the most powerful man in the Roman Empire for 44 years under the titles of Augustus, which meant 'holy' and imperator, meaning 'Victorious general'. He also called himself Princeps, 'first citizen of the state'. The period of Roman history beginning with his rule upto A.D 284 is called the principate. His rule and the period following it were  peaceful and  are known in history as 'Pax Romana' which means 'Roman Peace'

The Early Middle Ages have often been called the Dark Ages, and to some extent  they were truly dark. The people led a miserable life. Education was very uncommon. The helplessness of the comman man the arbitary rule of the king and the barons and the absence of national unity-all these conditions were common in Europe. The term 'Middle Ages' does not cover a uniform period for all the countries of the world.For Europe and the Westren World , the 'Middle Ages' are generally considered to be the period between AD 500 and AD 1500.

The Cathedral of Notre Dame is located in paris(France) . It was one of the earliest French Cathedrals to be built in the Gothic style. It was built between A.D 1163 and AD 1270. About the 12th century, a new style- the Gothic -was developed in France.

The old religion of Japan is known as Shiltoism. This religion consists mainly of the worship of the forces of nature.

In Spain, where there were no protestants, a soldier named lgnatius Loyola started an organisation for clergymen to work wholly as 'soldiers of jensus' in the service of the Church. Its members came to be called jesuits. They went from place to place and won back followers in France and Germany. They established missions in india, china, Africa and the Americas to gain new adherents. The Jesuit Schools which they started to strengthen the Roman Catholic  Church are still in existence in many countries of the world.

After the deaths of  Cromwell monarchy was restored and Charles II was made king of England. He and his successor, James II tried to assert the superiority of the monarchy. But feelings against this kind of rule had grown too strong. In 1688, a group of politicians invited William of Orange, the husband of James II's daughter, Mary, and rulers of Holland, to become king. Without firing a shot, William reached London and James II fled to France. The throne was granted to William and Mary Jointly. This event is known as the 'Glorious Revolution' . This revolution marked the triumph of parliament over the monarchy.