Voltage across capacitor lags by 90°.

Error is squared and integrated.

For term the slope is -20 dB/decade or -6 dB/octave because - 20 log 2 = -6 dB.

For the inner loop, transfer function =

Then .

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Join j₁ point with the zero and poles. Find magnitude and phase angles of all these lines.

If R_L is not infinite, the voltage ratio of potentiometer depends on the value of R_L. This is called loading effect.

Frequency is plotted on log scale and magnitude is taken in dB.

Arbitrary inputs require large bandwidth.

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