1. Two transactions that run concurrently and generate results that are consistent with the results that would have occurred if they had run separately are referred to as serializable transactions.
3. A phantom read occurs when a transaction rereads data it has previously read and finds modifications or deletions caused by a committed transaction.
4. A transaction is a series of actions to be taken on the database so that either all of them are performed successfully or none of them are performed at all.