The given series follows a pattern that,

+4, +6, +8, +10, +12...

5

5 + 4 = 9

9 + 6 = 15

15 + 8 = 23

23 + 10 = 33

33 + 12 = 45

Hence, the missing number in the series is 33.

K+2 M+1 N-2 L,  P+2 R+1 S-2 Q,   V+1 W+2 Y+1 Z,   J+2 L+1 M-2 K  and  W+2 Y+1 Z-2 X.

Except VWYZ, all the other groups follow similar pattern.

Here the given series is 1, 3, 6, 11, 20, 37, ??,

and the logic behind the series is

1 x 2 + 1 = 3

3 x 2 + 0 = 6

6 x 2 + (-1) = 11

11 x 2 + (-2) = 20

20 x 2 + (-3) = 37

37 x 2 + (-4) = 70

Hence, the next number in the given series is 70.

The given number series is 

71      88       113       150       203          277

   +17    +25       +37      +53        +74

        +8      +12        +16       +21

            +4          +4         +5

The series should be  71  88  112   150    203   276 i.e, the differences of the difference should be +4.

Hence, the odd man in the given series is 277.

The given number series is 35, 36, 55, 111, ?

35

35 x 1 + 1 = 36

36 x 1.5 + 1 = 55

55 x 2 + 1 = 111

111 x 2.5 + 1 = 278.5

Hence, the next number in the given number series is 278.5.

The given number series follows a pattern that

11

11 - 5.5 = 5.5

5.5 + 4.5 = 10

10 - 3.5 = 6.5

6.5 + 2.5 = 9

9 - 1.5 = 7.5

Hence, the next number in the given number series is 7.5.

Given number series is 61, 66, 83, 121, 185

Here the given series follows a pattern that,

$$\begin{gathered} 61 \\ 61 + 2 2 + 1 = 66 \\ 66 + 4 2 + 1 = 83 \\ 83 + 6 2 + 1 = 120 ( not 121 ) \\ 120 + 8 2 + 1 = 185 \end{gathered}$$

Hence, the odd man in the given series is 121.

The given series 16, 254, 1296, 4096, 10000 follows a pattern that

2 4 , 4 4 , 6 4 , 8 4 , 10 4 , . . .

Hence, the odd man in the series is 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 = 256 not 254.

The given number series 8, 18, 56, 232, 1165 

8

8 x 2 + 2 = 18

18 x 3 + 3 = 57 (not 56)

57 x 4 + 4 = 232

232 x 5 + 5 = 1165

Hence, the odd man in the given series is 56.

The given number series is 180, 90, 60, 40, 36

It follows a pattern that,

180 x 1/2 = 90

90 x 2/3  = 60

60 x 3/4  = 45 (NOT 40)

45 x 4/5  = 36

Hence, the wrong number in the given series is 40.