Cause–Effect Pairing: I) Municipal corporation repaired roads before the monsoon; nevertheless, roads now have large potholes. II) Several travelers developed spine injuries while commuting on the highways.

Introduction / Context:The item juxtaposes degraded road conditions (potholes after monsoon) and adverse health outcomes (spine injuries). We test whether poor road surface plausibly leads to injuries.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• I) Roads have large potholes despite pre-monsoon repairs.
• II) Commuters have developed spine injuries while traveling on highways.
• Vehicles traversing potholes impose repeated vertical shocks on passengers.

Concept / Approach:From a biomechanics and public-health perspective, chronic exposure to abrupt vertical oscillations and impacts can exacerbate or cause spinal issues. Therefore, poor surfaces can produce injuries.

Step-by-Step Solution:1) Identify hazard: potholes → sudden jolts.2) Link to outcome: repeated jolts → musculoskeletal strain and possible spine injuries.3) Conclude I → II.

Verification / Alternative check:Accident and injury data in monsoon-affected regions commonly correlate with road degradation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:(b) reverses causality; (c) and (d) ignore a strong mechanistic link; “None” does not apply.

Common Pitfalls:Overlooking the health implications of infrastructure quality.

Final Answer:Statement I is the cause; Statement II is its effect.